# History of C++

From cppreference.com
< cpp‎ | language

## Early C++

- 1979: C with Classes first implemented

1. New features: classes, member functions, derived classes, separate compilation, public and private access control, friends, type checking of function arguments, default arguments, inline functions, overloaded assignment operator, constructors, destructors, f() same as f(void), call-function and return-function (synchronization features, not in C++)
2. Libraries: the concurrent task library (not in C++)

- 1982: C with Classes reference manual published
- 1984: C84 implemented, reference manual published
- 1985: Cfront 1.0

1. New features: virtual functions, function and operator overloading, references, new and delete operators, the keyword const, scope resolution operator
2. Library additions: complex, string, iostream

- 1985: The C++ Programming Language, 1st edition
- 1986: The "whatis?" paper documenting the remaining design goals, including multiple inheritance, exception handling, and templates.
- 1987: C++ support in GCC 1.15.3
- 1989: Cfront 2.0

1. New features: multiple inheritance, pointers to members, protected access, type-safe linkage, abstract classes, static and const member functions, class-specific new and delete
2. Library additions: I/O manipulators

- 1990: The Annotated C++ Reference Manual

This book described the language as designed, including some features that were not yet implemented. It served as the de-facto standard until the ISO.

1. New features: namespaces, exception handling, nested classes, templates

- 1991: Cfront 3.0
- 1991: The C++ Programming Language, 2nd edition

## Standard C++

- 1990 ANSI C++ Committee founded
- 1991 ISO C++ Committee founded
- 1992 STL implemented in C++
- 1998 `C++98` (ISO/IEC 14882:1998)

1. New features: RTTI (dynamic_cast, typeid), covariant return types, cast operators, mutable, bool, declarations in conditions, template instantiations, member templates, export
2. Library additions: locales, bitset, valarray, auto_ptr, templatized string, iostream, and complex.
3. Based on STL: containers, algorithms, iterators, function objects

- 1998 The C++ Programming Language, 3rd edition
- 1999 Boost founded by the committee members to produce new high-quality candidate libraries for the standard.
- 2003 `C++03` (ISO/IEC 14882:2003)

This was a minor revision, intended to be little more than a technical corrigendum

1. New features: value initialization

Defect Reports fixed in C++03 (92 core, 125 library)
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- 2006 Performance TR (ISO/IEC TR 18015:2006) (ISO Store) (2006 draft)

This TR discussed the costs of various C++ abstractions, provided implementation guidance, discussed use of C++ in embedded systems and introduced `<hardware>` interface to C's ISO/IEC TR 18037:2008 `<iohw.h>`.

- 2007 Library extension TR1 (ISO/IEC TR 19768:2007) (ISO store) (2005 draft).

This TR is a C++ library extension, which adds the following to the C++ standard library:

1. From Boost: Reference wrapper, Smart pointers, Member function, Result Of, Bind, Function, Type Traits, Random, Mathematical Special Functions, Tuple, Array, Unordered Containers (including Hash), and Regular Expressions.
2. From C99: mathematical functions from math.h that were new in C99, blank character class, Floating-point environment, hexfloat I/O Manipulator, fixed-size integral types, the long long type, va_copy, the snprintf() and `vfscanf()` families of functions, and the C99 conversion specifies for `printf()` and `scanf()` families of functions.

All of TR1 except for the special functions was included in C++11, with minor changes.

- 2010 Mathematical special functions (ISO/IEC 29124:2010) (ISO Store) (2010 draft)

This international standard is a C++ standard library extension, which adds the special functions that were part of TR1, but were not included in C++11: elliptic integrals, exponential integral, Laguerre polynomials, Legendre polynomials, Hermite polynomials, Bessel functions, Neumann functions, beta function, and Riemann zeta function. This standard was merged into C++17.

- 2011 `C++11` (ISO/IEC 14882:2011) (ISO Store) (Post-publication draft).

A large number of changes were introduced to both standardize existing practices and improve the abstractions available to the C++ programmers

1. New language features: auto and decltype, defaulted and deleted functions, final and override, trailing return type, rvalue references, move constructors/move assignment, scoped enums, constexpr and literal types, list initialization, delegating and inherited constructors, brace-or-equal initializers, nullptr, long long, char16_t and char32_t, type aliases, variadic templates, generalized unions, generalized PODs, Unicode string literals, user-defined literals, attributes, lambda expressions, noexcept, alignof and alignas, multithreaded memory model, thread-local storage, GC interface, range for (based on a Boost library), static assertions (based on a Boost library)
2. New library features: atomic operations library, emplace() and other use of rvalue references throughout all parts of the existing library, std::initializer_list, stateful and scoped allocators, forward_list, chrono library, ratio library, new algorithms, Unicode conversion facets
3. From TR1: all of TR1 except Special Functions.
4. From Boost: The thread library, exception_ptr, error_code and error_condition, iterator improvements (std::begin, std::end, std::next, std::prev)
5. From C: C-style Unicode conversion functions

Defect Reports fixed in C++11 (741 core, 685 library)
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- 2011 Decimal floating-point TR (ISO/IEC TR 24733:2011) (ISO Store) (2009 draft)

This TR implements the decimal floating-point types from IEEE 754-2008 Standard for Floating-Point Arithmetic: std::decimal::decimal32, std::decimal::decimal64, and std::decimal::decimal128.

- 2012 The Standard C++ Foundation founded
- 2013 The C++ Programming Language, 4th edition
- 2014 `C++14` (ISO Store) (ANSI Store) (2014 final draft)

Minor revision of the C++ standard

1. New language features: variable templates, polymorphic lambdas, lambda captures expressions, new/delete elision, relaxed restrictions on constexpr functions, binary literals, digit separators, return type deduction for functions, aggregate initialization for classes with brace-or-equal initializers.
2. New library features: std::make_unique, std::shared_timed_mutex and std::shared_lock, std::integer_sequence, std::exchange, std::quoted, and many small improvements to existing library facilities, such as two-range overloads for some algorithms, type alias versions of type traits, user-defined string, duration, and complex number literals, etc.

Defect Reports fixed in C++14 (276 core, 149 library)
CWG#129 CWG#223 CWG#240 CWG#292 CWG#312 CWG#332 CWG#342 CWG#344 CWG#388 CWG#462 CWG#482 CWG#483 CWG#496 CWG#535 CWG#539 CWG#565 CWG#577 CWG#583 CWG#597 CWG#616 CWG#623 CWG#631 CWG#675 CWG#712 CWG#729 CWG#739 CWG#755 CWG#903 CWG#912 CWG#974 CWG#975 CWG#977 CWG#1003 CWG#1013 CWG#1024 CWG#1048 CWG#1059 CWG#1093 CWG#1213 CWG#1226 CWG#1227 CWG#1250 CWG#1251 CWG#1260 CWG#1261 CWG#1262 CWG#1264 CWG#1265 CWG#1267 CWG#1268 CWG#1269 CWG#1270 CWG#1275 CWG#1282 CWG#1287 CWG#1288 CWG#1290 CWG#1293 CWG#1295 CWG#1296 CWG#1297 CWG#1298 CWG#1301 CWG#1302 CWG#1305 CWG#1306 CWG#1307 CWG#1308 CWG#1310 CWG#1311 CWG#1312 CWG#1313 CWG#1318 CWG#1320 CWG#1321 CWG#1324 CWG#1327 CWG#1328 CWG#1329 CWG#1330 CWG#1333 CWG#1336 CWG#1340 CWG#1344 CWG#1345 CWG#1346 CWG#1347 CWG#1350 CWG#1352 CWG#1354 CWG#1355 CWG#1357 CWG#1358 CWG#1359 CWG#1361 CWG#1362 CWG#1363 CWG#1364 CWG#1365 CWG#1366 CWG#1367 CWG#1368 CWG#1369 CWG#1370 CWG#1372 CWG#1374 CWG#1375 CWG#1376 CWG#1380 CWG#1381 CWG#1382 CWG#1383 CWG#1385 CWG#1387 CWG#1388 CWG#1392 CWG#1394 CWG#1398 CWG#1399 CWG#1401 CWG#1402 CWG#1405 CWG#1406 CWG#1408 CWG#1409 CWG#1410 CWG#1411 CWG#1412 CWG#1413 CWG#1415 CWG#1416 CWG#1417 CWG#1418 CWG#1423 CWG#1424 CWG#1425 CWG#1428 CWG#1431 CWG#1435 CWG#1437 CWG#1438 CWG#1439 CWG#1440 CWG#1441 CWG#1442 CWG#1447 CWG#1449 CWG#1450 CWG#1453 CWG#1454 CWG#1455 CWG#1456 CWG#1457 CWG#1458 CWG#1460 CWG#1462 CWG#1464 CWG#1466 CWG#1471 CWG#1472 CWG#1473 CWG#1475 CWG#1476 CWG#1477 CWG#1479 CWG#1480 CWG#1481 CWG#1482 CWG#1487 CWG#1489 CWG#1491 CWG#1493 CWG#1494 CWG#1495 CWG#1502 CWG#1503 CWG#1504 CWG#1506 CWG#1507 CWG#1508 CWG#1509 CWG#1510 CWG#1511 CWG#1512 CWG#1514 CWG#1515 CWG#1516 CWG#1522 CWG#1527 CWG#1528 CWG#1531 CWG#1532 CWG#1533 CWG#1535 CWG#1537 CWG#1538 CWG#1539 CWG#1541 CWG#1543 CWG#1544 CWG#1550 CWG#1551 CWG#1553 CWG#1556 CWG#1557 CWG#1559 CWG#1560 CWG#1562 CWG#1563 CWG#1567 CWG#1569 CWG#1570 CWG#1575 CWG#1576 CWG#1579 CWG#1583 CWG#1587 CWG#1588 CWG#1592 CWG#1593 CWG#1595 CWG#1597 CWG#1598 CWG#1601 CWG#1604 CWG#1605 CWG#1607 CWG#1608 CWG#1611 CWG#1612 CWG#1613 CWG#1618 CWG#1629 CWG#1648 CWG#1649 CWG#1658 CWG#1660 CWG#1662 CWG#1664 CWG#1666 CWG#1669 CWG#1673 CWG#1674 CWG#1681 CWG#1684 CWG#1687 CWG#1689 CWG#1690 CWG#1691 CWG#1692 CWG#1693 CWG#1707 CWG#1716 CWG#1717 CWG#1732 CWG#1737 CWG#1738 CWG#1739 CWG#1740 CWG#1741 CWG#1746 CWG#1747 CWG#1759 CWG#1760 CWG#1762 CWG#1764 CWG#1765 CWG#1767 CWG#1769 CWG#1770 CWG#1772 CWG#1773 CWG#1775 CWG#1778 CWG#1786 CWG#1787 LWG#1214 LWG#1450 LWG#2003 LWG#2005 LWG#2009 LWG#2010 LWG#2011 LWG#2013 LWG#2015 LWG#2018 LWG#2021 LWG#2028 LWG#2033 LWG#2039 LWG#2044 LWG#2045 LWG#2047 LWG#2048 LWG#2049 LWG#2050 LWG#2053 LWG#2056 LWG#2058 LWG#2061 LWG#2064 LWG#2065 LWG#2067 LWG#2069 LWG#2071 LWG#2074 LWG#2078 LWG#2080 LWG#2081 LWG#2083 LWG#2085 LWG#2086 LWG#2087 LWG#2091 LWG#2092 LWG#2093 LWG#2094 LWG#2096 LWG#2097 LWG#2098 LWG#2099 LWG#2100 LWG#2102 LWG#2103 LWG#2104 LWG#2105 LWG#2109 LWG#2110 LWG#2112 LWG#2120 LWG#2122 LWG#2123 LWG#2128 LWG#2130 LWG#2132 LWG#2135 LWG#2138 LWG#2140 LWG#2141 LWG#2142 LWG#2143 LWG#2144 LWG#2145 LWG#2147 LWG#2148 LWG#2149 LWG#2150 LWG#2159 LWG#2162 LWG#2163 LWG#2169 LWG#2172 LWG#2174 LWG#2175 LWG#2176 LWG#2177 LWG#2180 LWG#2182 LWG#2185 LWG#2186 LWG#2187 LWG#2188 LWG#2190 LWG#2193 LWG#2194 LWG#2196 LWG#2197 LWG#2200 LWG#2203 LWG#2205 LWG#2207 LWG#2209 LWG#2210 LWG#2211 LWG#2213 LWG#2222 LWG#2225 LWG#2229 LWG#2231 LWG#2235 LWG#2246 LWG#2247 LWG#2252 LWG#2257 LWG#2258 LWG#2263 LWG#2268 LWG#2271 LWG#2272 LWG#2275 LWG#2278 LWG#2280 LWG#2284 LWG#2285 LWG#2288 LWG#2291 LWG#2293 LWG#2298 LWG#2299 LWG#2300 LWG#2301 LWG#2304 LWG#2306 LWG#2308 LWG#2313 LWG#2314 LWG#2315 LWG#2316 LWG#2317 LWG#2320 LWG#2322 LWG#2323 LWG#2324 LWG#2329 LWG#2330 LWG#2332 LWG#2339 LWG#2341 LWG#2344 LWG#2346 LWG#2350 LWG#2356 LWG#2357 LWG#2359 LWG#2360

- 2015 Filesystem library TS (ISO/IEC TS 18822:2015) (ISO Store) (2014 draft)

This TS is an experimental C++ library extension that specifies a filesystem library based on boost.filesystem V3 (with some modifications and extensions). This TS was merged into C++17.

- 2015 Extensions for Parallelism TS (ISO/IEC TS 19570:2015) (ISO Store) (2015 draft)

This TS standardizes parallel and vector-parallel API for all standard library algorithms, as well as adds new algorithms such as `reduce`, `transform_reduce`, or `exclusive_scan`. This TS was merged into C++17.

- 2015 Extensions for Transactional Memory TS (ISO/IEC TS 19841:2015) (ISO Store) (2015 draft)

This TS extends the C++ core language with synchronized and atomic blocks, as well as transaction-safe functions, which implement transactional memory semantics.

- 2015 Extensions for Library Fundamentals TS (ISO/IEC TS 19568:2015) (ISO Store) (2015 draft)

This TS adds several new components to the C++ standard library: `optional`, `any`, `string_view`, `sample`, `search`, `apply`, polymorphic allocators, and variable templates for type traits. This TS was merged into C++17.

- 2015 Extensions for Concepts TS (ISO/IEC TS 19217:2015) (ISO Store) (2015 draft)

This TS extends the C++ core language with concepts (named type requirements) and constraints (limits on the types allowed in template, function, and variable declarations), which aids metaprogramming and simplifies template instantiation diagnostics, see concepts. This TS was merged into C++20, with some omissions.

- 2016 Extensions for Concurrency TS (ISO/IEC TS 19571:2016) (ISO Store) (2015 draft)

This TS extends the C++ library to include several extensions to std::future, latches and barriers, and atomic smart pointers.

- 2017 `C++17` (ISO Store) (ANSI Store) (n4659 (2017-03-21 final draft))

1. Language changes: fold-expressions, class template argument deduction, auto non-type template parameters, compile-time if constexpr, inline variables, structured bindings, initializers for if and switch, u8-char, simplified nested namespaces, using-declaration can declare multiple names, made noexcept part of type system, new order of evaluation rules, allocation functions with explicit alignment, guaranteed copy elision, __has_include, lambda capture of *this, constexpr lambda, attribute namespaces don't have to repeat, new attributes `[[fallthrough]]`, `[[nodiscard]]`, and `[[maybe_unused]]`. Removed trigraphs, the `register` keyword, bool increment
2. Library changes: `std::variant`, `std::launder`, uninitialized memory tools (`std::destroy_at`/`std::destroy`/`std::destroy_n`, `std::uninitialized_move`, `std::uninitialized_value_construct`, etc), map/set `extract` and map/set `merge`, `byte`, `std::make_from_tuple`, `std::to_chars`/`from_chars`, relative path support in Filesystem (`proximate`, `relative`, `weakly_canonical`), directory entry caching in Filesystem, contiguous iterators, non-member `size`/`empty`/`data`, map/unordered_map `try_emplace` and `insert_or_assign`, `uncaught_exceptions`, variadic `lock_guard`, `as_const`, `conjunction`/`disjunction`/`negation`, type trait variables xxx_v, transparent `owner_less`, rounding functions for `duration` and `time_point`, array support for std::shared_ptr, `not_fn`, `weak_from_this`, `is_always_lock_free`, `is_swappable`, `clamp`, `3D hypot`, `cache line interface`, `is_invocable`, `is_aggregate`, `has_unique_object_representations`. Deprecated `std::iterator`, `std::raw_storage_iterator`, `std::get_temporary_buffer`, `std::is_literal_type`, `std::result_of`, all of `<codecvt>` Removed `auto_ptr`, the deprecated function objects, std::random_shuffle, std::unexpected, the obsolete iostreams aliases.
3. From TS's: the filesystem library, the library fundamentals v1 (including `optional`, `any`, `string_view`, polymorphic allocators, searchers, `apply`), parallelism v1 (including execution policies, `reduce`, `inclusive_scan`, `exclusive_scan`), but removing `exception_list`. From special math IS: special mathematical functions, from library fundamentals v2: `std::gcd`, `std::lcm`
4. From C11: `std::aligned_alloc`, `std::timespec_get`

Defect Reports fixed in C++17 (289 core, 281 library)
CWG#92 CWG#212 CWG#238 CWG#242 CWG#330 CWG#393 CWG#591 CWG#609 CWG#636 CWG#987 CWG#1021 CWG#1116 CWG#1247 CWG#1274 CWG#1284 CWG#1292 CWG#1309 CWG#1315 CWG#1338 CWG#1351 CWG#1356 CWG#1391 CWG#1397 CWG#1446 CWG#1465 CWG#1467 CWG#1484 CWG#1490 CWG#1492 CWG#1496 CWG#1518 CWG#1552 CWG#1558 CWG#1571 CWG#1572 CWG#1573 CWG#1589 CWG#1591 CWG#1596 CWG#1600 CWG#1603 CWG#1614 CWG#1615 CWG#1630 CWG#1631 CWG#1633 CWG#1638 CWG#1639 CWG#1645 CWG#1652 CWG#1653 CWG#1657 CWG#1672 CWG#1683 CWG#1686 CWG#1694 CWG#1696 CWG#1705 CWG#1708 CWG#1712 CWG#1715 CWG#1719 CWG#1722 CWG#1734 CWG#1736 CWG#1744 CWG#1748 CWG#1750 CWG#1751 CWG#1752 CWG#1753 CWG#1756 CWG#1757 CWG#1758 CWG#1766 CWG#1774 CWG#1776 CWG#1777 CWG#1779 CWG#1780 CWG#1782 CWG#1788 CWG#1791 CWG#1793 CWG#1795 CWG#1796 CWG#1797 CWG#1799 CWG#1800 CWG#1802 CWG#1804 CWG#1805 CWG#1806 CWG#1807 CWG#1809 CWG#1810 CWG#1811 CWG#1813 CWG#1814 CWG#1815 CWG#1816 CWG#1819 CWG#1823 CWG#1824 CWG#1830 CWG#1832 CWG#1834 CWG#1838 CWG#1843 CWG#1846 CWG#1847 CWG#1848 CWG#1850 CWG#1851 CWG#1852 CWG#1858 CWG#1861 CWG#1863 CWG#1865 CWG#1866 CWG#1870 CWG#1872 CWG#1873 CWG#1874 CWG#1875 CWG#1877 CWG#1878 CWG#1881 CWG#1882 CWG#1885 CWG#1886 CWG#1887 CWG#1888 CWG#1891 CWG#1892 CWG#1895 CWG#1899 CWG#1902 CWG#1903 CWG#1909 CWG#1911 CWG#1916 CWG#1920 CWG#1922 CWG#1925 CWG#1926 CWG#1929 CWG#1930 CWG#1932 CWG#1940 CWG#1941 CWG#1942 CWG#1946 CWG#1949 CWG#1951 CWG#1952 CWG#1955 CWG#1956 CWG#1958 CWG#1959 CWG#1963 CWG#1966 CWG#1967 CWG#1971 CWG#1975 CWG#1978 CWG#1981 CWG#1988 CWG#1990 CWG#1991 CWG#1992 CWG#1995 CWG#1999 CWG#2000 CWG#2001 CWG#2004 CWG#2006 CWG#2008 CWG#2010 CWG#2012 CWG#2015 CWG#2016 CWG#2017 CWG#2019 CWG#2022 CWG#2024 CWG#2026 CWG#2027 CWG#2031 CWG#2032 CWG#2033 CWG#2038 CWG#2039 CWG#2040 CWG#2041 CWG#2044 CWG#2047 CWG#2052 CWG#2061 CWG#2063 CWG#2064 CWG#2066 CWG#2068 CWG#2069 CWG#2071 CWG#2075 CWG#2076 CWG#2079 CWG#2082 CWG#2084 CWG#2085 CWG#2091 CWG#2093 CWG#2095 CWG#2096 CWG#2098 CWG#2099 CWG#2101 CWG#2104 CWG#2106 CWG#2107 CWG#2109 CWG#2113 CWG#2120 CWG#2122 CWG#2124 CWG#2129 CWG#2130 CWG#2137 CWG#2140 CWG#2141 CWG#2145 CWG#2146 CWG#2147 CWG#2153 CWG#2154 CWG#2156 CWG#2157 CWG#2163 CWG#2167 CWG#2171 CWG#2175 CWG#2176 CWG#2180 CWG#2184 CWG#150 CWG#253 CWG#314 CWG#343 CWG#426 CWG#727 CWG#1343 CWG#1395 CWG#1622 CWG#1677 CWG#1710 CWG#1784 CWG#1794 CWG#1812 CWG#1825 CWG#1860 CWG#1961 CWG#2011 CWG#2046 CWG#2094 CWG#2100 CWG#2143 CWG#2155 CWG#2174 CWG#2191 CWG#2196 CWG#2198 CWG#2201 CWG#2205 CWG#2206 CWG#2211 CWG#2214 CWG#2218 CWG#2220 CWG#2224 CWG#2247 CWG#2248 CWG#2251 CWG#2259 CWG#2262 CWG#2268 CWG#2271 CWG#2272 CWG#2276 LWG#2872 LWG#2679 LWG#2710 LWG#2380 LWG#2428 LWG#2170 LWG#2016 LWG#2260 LWG#2384 LWG#2447 LWG#2455 LWG#2466 LWG#2467 LWG#2470 LWG#2129 LWG#2340 LWG#2468 LWG#2224 LWG#2133 LWG#2795 LWG#2259 LWG#2866 LWG#2709 LWG#2422 LWG#2458 LWG#2510 LWG#2425 LWG#2378 LWG#2111 LWG#2483 LWG#2484 LWG#2784 LWG#2855 LWG#2234 LWG#2559 LWG#2686 LWG#2212 LWG#2729 LWG#2773 LWG#2796 LWG#2312 LWG#2549 LWG#2770 LWG#2485 LWG#2857 LWG#2756 LWG#2900 LWG#2842 LWG#2748 LWG#2740 LWG#2736 LWG#2806 LWG#2934 LWG#2901 LWG#2903 LWG#2904 LWG#2749 LWG#2868 LWG#2789 LWG#2744 LWG#2768 LWG#2769 LWG#2250 LWG#2377 LWG#2433 LWG#2296 LWG#2598 LWG#2361 LWG#2801 LWG#2905 LWG#2520 LWG#2376 LWG#2365 LWG#2411 LWG#2873 LWG#2399 LWG#2415 LWG#2495 LWG#2685 LWG#2802 LWG#2874 LWG#2875 LWG#2876 LWG#2434 LWG#2572 LWG#2696 LWG#2908 LWG#2400 LWG#2724 LWG#2476 LWG#2782 LWG#2586 LWG#2219 LWG#2387 LWG#2486 LWG#2807 LWG#2435 LWG#2450 LWG#2562 LWG#2767 LWG#2487 LWG#2545 LWG#2488 LWG#2489 LWG#2233 LWG#2062 LWG#2385 LWG#2393 LWG#2401 LWG#2420 LWG#2565 LWG#2781 LWG#2850 LWG#2591 LWG#2119 LWG#2582 LWG#2514 LWG#2581 LWG#2336 LWG#2367 LWG#2560 LWG#2738 LWG#2911 LWG#2101 LWG#2396 LWG#2408 LWG#2460 LWG#2557 LWG#2567 LWG#2739 LWG#2063 LWG#2760 LWG#2861 LWG#2583 LWG#2742 LWG#2834 LWG#2475 LWG#2788 LWG#2579 LWG#2758 LWG#2771 LWG#2403 LWG#2778 LWG#2826 LWG#2777 LWG#2755 LWG#2482 LWG#2694 LWG#2394 LWG#1169 LWG#2261 LWG#2218 LWG#2448 LWG#2794 LWG#2266 LWG#2698 LWG#2436 LWG#2542 LWG#2156 LWG#2540 LWG#2550 LWG#2427 LWG#2310 LWG#2590 LWG#2364 LWG#2477 LWG#2585 LWG#2824 LWG#2160 LWG#2223 LWG#2596 LWG#2853 LWG#2059 LWG#2354 LWG#2469 LWG#2464 LWG#2571 LWG#2076 LWG#2230 LWG#2566 LWG#2684 LWG#2537 LWG#2578 LWG#2437 LWG#2519 LWG#2353 LWG#2106 LWG#2576 LWG#2793 LWG#2804 LWG#2878 LWG#2790 LWG#2544 LWG#2812 LWG#2727 LWG#2718 LWG#2747 LWG#2404 LWG#2689 LWG#2439 LWG#2716 LWG#2492 LWG#2166 LWG#2239 LWG#2325 LWG#2369 LWG#2688 LWG#2699 LWG#2459 LWG#2181 LWG#2440 LWG#2168 LWG#2406 LWG#2687 LWG#2759 LWG#2837 LWG#2192 LWG#2735 LWG#2462 LWG#2765 LWG#2244 LWG#2328 LWG#2221 LWG#2534 LWG#2785 LWG#2676 LWG#2473 LWG#2680 LWG#2707 LWG#2711 LWG#2664 LWG#2732 LWG#2667 LWG#2674 LWG#2678 LWG#2787 LWG#2723 LWG#2726 LWG#2706 LWG#2669 LWG#2704 LWG#2956 LWG#2671 LWG#2681 LWG#2683 LWG#2712 LWG#2722 LWG#2725 LWG#2672 LWG#2719 LWG#2720 LWG#2721 LWG#2673 LWG#2728 LWG#2503 LWG#2217 LWG#2589 LWG#2273 LWG#2584 LWG#2441 LWG#2426 LWG#2309 LWG#2577 LWG#2442 LWG#2276 LWG#2523 LWG#2531 LWG#2556 LWG#2752 LWG#2921 LWG#2407 LWG#2890 LWG#2670 LWG#2786 LWG#2536 LWG#2835 LWG#2127 LWG#2454 LWG#2072 LWG#2838 LWG#2438

- 2017 Extensions for Ranges TS (ISO/IEC TS 21425:2017) (ISO Store) (2017 draft)

This TS extends the C++ library to include ranges, a new, more powerful, abstraction to replace iterator pairs, along with range views, sentinel ranges, projections for on-the-fly transformations, new iterator adaptors and algorithms. This extension finally makes it possible to sort a vector with sort(v);

- 2017 Extensions for Coroutines TS (ISO/IEC TS 22277:2017) (ISO Store) (2017 draft)

This TS extends the C++ core language and the standard library to include stackless coroutines (resumable functions). This adds the keywords `co_await`, `co_yield`, and `co_return`.

- 2018 Extensions for Networking TS (ISO/IEC TS 19216:2018) (ISO Store) (2017 draft)

This TS extends the C++ library to include TCP/IP networking based on boost.asio.

- 2018 Extensions for modules TS (ISO/IEC TS 21544:2018) (ISO Store) (2018 draft)

This TS extends the C++ core language to include modules. This adds the keywords `module`, `import`, and reintroduces the keyword `export` with a new meaning.

- 2018 Extensions for Parallelism version 2 TS (ISO/IEC TS 19570:2018) (ISO Store) (draft)

This TS extends the C++ library to include two new execution policies (unseq and vec), additional parallel algorithms such as reduction_plus or for_loop_strided, task blocks for forking and joining parallel tasks, SIMD types and operations on those types.

### Future development

- Experimental technical specifications

- 2020 C++20 (2019-03-15 draft)

The next major revision of the C++ standard

1. Language changes: 3-way comparison operator <=> and operator==() = default, designated initializers, init-statements and initializers in range-for, char8_t, `[[no_unique_address]]`, `[[likely]]`, `[[unlikely]]`, pack-expansions in lambda captures, removed the requirement to use `typename` to disambiguate types in many contexts, `[[expects: ...]]`, `[[ensures: ...]]`, `[[assert: ...]]`, `consteval`, further relaxed constexpr, signed integers are 2's complement, aggregate initialization using parentheses, array new can deduce array size
2. From TS's: Coroutines, Modules, Concepts, abbreviated function templates,
3. Library changes: Calendar and Time Zone library, `std::span`, `std::endian`, array support for make_shared, `std::remove_cvref`, `std::to_address`, floating point and shared_ptr atomics, `<version>`, `std::osyncstream`, std::u8string and other char8_t uses, constexpr for <algorithm>, <utility>, <complex>, std::string(_view)::starts_with and ends_with, `std::assume_aligned`, `std::bind_front`, `c8rtomb`/`mbrtoc8`, `make_obj_using_allocator` etc, `make_shared_default_init`/`make_unique_default_init`, heterogeneous lookup in unordered_map etc, fully-specialized std::polymoprhic_allocator<>, std::execution::unseq, std::midpoint and std::lerp, std::ssize. std::is_bounded_array, lookup in unordered containers can use pre-calculated hash
4. From TS's: Ranges, uniform container erasure (std::erase/std::erase_if)

### See also

### External links

- A History of C++: 1979-1991
- Evolving a language in and for the real world: C++ 1991-2006
- Standard C++ foundation
- C++ on Wikipedia
- C++ Standards Committee

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